Chitosan from shrimp waste can be used as a natural preservative. Chitosan is a modification of chitin that many compounds found in the outer skin of the animal group as shrimp and crab Crustaceae. Antibacterial efficacy of chitosan as a material and its ability to immobilize the bacteria appear to make the chitosan can be used as a food preservative. Inhibition of chitosan against bacteria depends on the concentration of chitosan dissolution. Chitosan is a derivative of chitin polymers, namely byproducts (waste) from industrial processing of fisheries, especially shrimp and crab. Shrimp head waste reached 35% -50% of the total weight of shrimp. Levels of chitin in shrimp weight ranged between 60% -70%, and when processed into chitosan yield of 15% -20%. Shrimp shell containing protein (25% -40%), chitin (15% -20%) and calcium carbonate (45% -50%) (Marganof, 2003). Levels of chitin in shrimp weight bekisar 60% -70% and when processed into chitosan yield of 15% -20% yield. Chitosan, having a shape similar to the cellulose and the difference lies in the chain group C-2. Ability in suppressing the growth of bacteria caused by chitosan has a positively charged poly cation capable of inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi (Allan and Hadwiger, 1979 in El Grauth et al. 1991). Chitosan is found in Indonesia is the result of exports from India, Korea and Japan. Indonesia as the country's shrimp provider should be able to process waste into chitosan shrimp produced because it is cheap and relatively easy to manufacture. The waste that much, if not handled properly, will increase the biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand which would adversely affect human health.
Dried chitosan has no melting point. When chitosan is stored in a relatively long period at a temperature of about 100oF, the nature of its solubility and viscosity will change. When chitosan is stored longer in a state of open (it comes in contact with air), there will be a decomposition, the color becomes yellowish and solution viscosity is reduced. This can be described as cotton or paper that is not stable to air, heat and so forth. Chitosan can be used in various fields of biochemistry, medicine or pharmacology, food and nutrition, agriculture, microbiology, waste water treatment, paper industries, textile membrane or film, cosmetics and so forth.
In the shrimp shells, chitin there as mukopoli saccharide binding to inorganic salts, mainly calcium carbonate (CaCO3), proteins and lipids including pigments. Therefore, to obtain chitin from shrimp shells involves protein separation processes (deproteinization) and separation of minerals (demineralization). Meanwhile, to get chitosan followed by deacetylation process. Reaction formation of chitosan from chitin is an amide hydrolysis reaction by an alkaline. Chitin acts as an amide and NaOH as basanya. At first addition reaction, in which the OH groups into the cluster-NHCOCH3 ensued H3COO-group elimination to produce an amide that is chitosan.
Chitosan has the potential to be used as antimicrobial materials, because it contains enzymes lysosim and aminopolysacharida group that can inhibit microbial growth and inhibition efficiency of chitosan against bacteria depends on the concentration of chitosan dissolution. Ability in suppressing the growth of bacteria due to the positively charged chitosan has polikation that could inhibit the growth of bacteria and mold. One mechanism that may occur in food preservation of chitosan molecules have the ability to interact with the compounds on bacterial cell surface and then adsorbed forming a layer (layer), which inhibits cell transport channel so that cells lacking the substance to evolve and lead to cell death. Addition meets the microbiological standards in terms of chemical safety as well as in the process, chitosan is dissolved with dilute acetic acid (1%) to form a homogeneous solution of chitosan is relatively more secure.
Dried chitosan has no melting point. When chitosan is stored in a relatively long period at a temperature of about 100oF, the nature of its solubility and viscosity will change. When chitosan is stored longer in a state of open (it comes in contact with air), there will be a decomposition, the color becomes yellowish and solution viscosity is reduced. This can be described as cotton or paper that is not stable to air, heat and so forth. Chitosan can be used in various fields of biochemistry, medicine or pharmacology, food and nutrition, agriculture, microbiology, waste water treatment, paper industries, textile membrane or film, cosmetics and so forth.
In the shrimp shells, chitin there as mukopoli saccharide binding to inorganic salts, mainly calcium carbonate (CaCO3), proteins and lipids including pigments. Therefore, to obtain chitin from shrimp shells involves protein separation processes (deproteinization) and separation of minerals (demineralization). Meanwhile, to get chitosan followed by deacetylation process. Reaction formation of chitosan from chitin is an amide hydrolysis reaction by an alkaline. Chitin acts as an amide and NaOH as basanya. At first addition reaction, in which the OH groups into the cluster-NHCOCH3 ensued H3COO-group elimination to produce an amide that is chitosan.
Chitosan has the potential to be used as antimicrobial materials, because it contains enzymes lysosim and aminopolysacharida group that can inhibit microbial growth and inhibition efficiency of chitosan against bacteria depends on the concentration of chitosan dissolution. Ability in suppressing the growth of bacteria due to the positively charged chitosan has polikation that could inhibit the growth of bacteria and mold. One mechanism that may occur in food preservation of chitosan molecules have the ability to interact with the compounds on bacterial cell surface and then adsorbed forming a layer (layer), which inhibits cell transport channel so that cells lacking the substance to evolve and lead to cell death. Addition meets the microbiological standards in terms of chemical safety as well as in the process, chitosan is dissolved with dilute acetic acid (1%) to form a homogeneous solution of chitosan is relatively more secure.
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